On the face of it, China and the United States both look as though they would be relatively insulated if trade tensions continue to escalate.
China’s exports to the U.S. account for only 4 percent of its GDP, and its imports from the U.S. amount to just 1 percent of GDP. In the U.S., with its large, domestically driven economy, the equivalent figures are 1 percent and 3 percent. But putting aside these headline numbers, a retreat from globalization by the world’s two largest economies would nonetheless entail significant costs.
True, China has been rebalancing away from exports: Domestic consumption contributed to more than 60 percent of its GDP growth in 10 of the 15 quarters since 2015, and up to 80 percent in the first half of 2018.
In many consumer categories, China is now the world’s largest market. In the first quarter of 2018, it overtook the U.S. as the world’s top box office. And it also now accounts for 30 percent of global auto sales (and 43 percent of unit sales of electric vehicles) and 42 percent of global retail e-commerce transaction value.
Moreover, the McKinsey Global Institute finds that while the world’s exposure to China in terms of trade, technology and capital increased from 2000 to 2017, China’s exposure to the world peaked in 2007, and has declined ever since. As recently as 2008, China’s net trade surplus accounted for 8 percent of its GDP; by 2017, it had fallen to 1.7 percent. That is less than either Germany or South Korea, where net exports generate 5 to 8 percent of GDP.
Following a sustained period in which China drove global growth, it seems as though its great “opening up” is losing momentum. After China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, it cut tariffs by half, bringing them down to 8 percent as of 2008. Yet, by 2016, they had edged back up to 9.6 percent — a rate that is more than double the U.S. and European Union average.
At the same time, China’s barriers to foreign capital inflows to services remain high. And the government appears to promote the growth of local companies, not least through its “Made in China 2025” plan, which sets guidelines for domestic companies in 11 of 23 high-priority subsectors.
Still, these trends do not necessarily mean that China is closing itself off from the world. In fact, there are five reasons why an increasingly autarchic China is unlikely.
For starters, China remains dependent on foreign technology, with half of its technology imports coming from just three countries — the U.S. (27 percent), Japan (17 percent), and Germany (11 percent) — between 2011 and 2016. More to the point, these numbers have barely budged over the past 20 years, despite China’s efforts to boost innovation at home.
Second, were China to close itself off, it would damage its neighbors’ economic prospects, thus destabilizing its own immediate region. For example, according to a recent OECD analysis, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea could lose 0.5 to 1.5 percent of GDP each as a result of reduced U.S.-China trade. This, in turn, would set back China’s ambitions to be the region’s trade anchor.
Third, with a turn inward, China would start to miss out on investment and know-how from the multinationals currently operating in its economy. As of 2015, there were 481,000 foreign enterprises in China (more than twice as many as in 2000), employing around 14 million workers.
About 40 percent of China’s exports are produced by foreign companies, or by foreign-domestic joint ventures. Moreover, foreign firms produce 87 percent of electronics in China, and 59 percent of machinery. Not by coincidence, those are the sectors most affected by the current trade dispute.
A survey conducted by the American Chamber of Commerce in China reinforces concerns about the impact of escalating trade tensions on foreign investment. Already, 31 percent of U.S. firms say they may delay or cancel investment decisions, 18 percent may relocate some or all of their manufacturing outside China, and 3 percent may even exit the Chinese market altogether.
Fourth, a reduction in trade could sap the reform momentum China needs to iron out the many inefficiencies in its domestic economy. For example, China’s efforts to position its financial system to manage the risks associated with high debt levels will be sidelined if it is forced to provide more liquidity to the economy to make up for trade losses. Likewise, China’s inefficient state-owned enterprises — whose return on assets is only 30 to 50 percent that of private sector companies — need to be overhauled as part of a broader agenda to boost productivity. But if the economy comes under pressure, those efforts, too, could be delayed for fear of undermining employment.
Finally, and more broadly, there is ample evidence showing that global interconnectedness is good for growth. The McKinsey Global Institute finds that global flows of goods, services, capital, people and data over the past decade have boosted world GDP by around 10 percent above where it otherwise would have been.
A reversal of China’s great opening up would hurt not just China, but everyone — including the U.S. Losing access to Chinese markets, capital flows, exports and talent would result in higher prices and slower growth, whereas the benefits of reduced levels of competition to U.S. industries are less clear.
Chinese imports have cut the price of U.S. consumer goods by an estimated 27 percent. And firms in the U.S. would take a direct hit from higher tariffs in trade, given that 77 percent of China’s exports to the U.S. are intermediary and capital goods used to produce finished products, according to the McKinsey Global Trade Database.
Turning inward may be tempting for China, but the economic costs of doing so would be significant. One hopes — perhaps against hope — that the 90-day truce on tariff increases lasts, so that an enduring trade agreement can be forged.
